The upgraded and faster Tianhe-1A used Intel Xeon CPUs as well, but switched to nVidia's Tesla GPUs and added more than 2,000 Fei-Tang (SPARC-based) processors. The Alpha processor designs were eventually acquired by Compaq, which, along with Intel, phased out the Alpha architecture in favor of the HP/Itanium microprocessor. The device's success led to the creation of MIT Lincoln Laboratory in 1951. Term. Hewlett and Packard in their garage workshop. Microcomputers are an interesting part of the history of both computing and video games. Millions of Apple IIs were sold between 1977 and 1993, making it one of the longest-lived lines of personal computers. When connected to a color television set, the Apple II produced brilliant color graphics for the time. The Invention of the PC These innovations made it cheaper and easier to. IBMs initial investment of $5 billion was quickly returned as orders for the system climbed to 1,000 per month within two years. When was the word "computer" first used? One of the first commercially produced computers, the companys first customer was the US Navy. OS/2 will continue to be used in special Apple makes a splash with its Bondi Blue iMac, which sells for about $1,300. It was widely used in DEC's workstations and servers, as well as several supercomputers like the Chinese Sunway Blue Light system, and the Swiss Gigabooster. For research, Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) supplied the components, and 50 original LINCs were made. 1951. Each credit card-sized Arduino board consisted of an inexpensive microcontroller and signal connectors which made Arduinos ideal for use in any application connecting to or monitoring the outside world. 2. It has pre-programmed curricular material. What is the Internet standard for how web pages are formatted and displayed? The Air incorporated many of the technologies that had been associated with Apple's MacBook line of laptops, including integrated camera, and Wi-Fi capabilities. IBMs first personal computer, the system was designed to run the APL programming language in a compact, briefcase-like enclosure which comprised a keyboard, CRT display, and cassette tape storage. Developed by the Japanese government to create global climate models, the Earth Simulator is a massively parallel, vector-based system that costs nearly 60 billion yen (roughly $600 million at the time). Definition. . Question 13. Its base price was $6,500. The company sold about 200 machines, losing $500 per unit. The boss wants it to have a complex user interface with a time display, touch panel buttons and accurate timing for the toast cycle. Used for science and engineering as well as simple data processing, the LGP-30 was a bargain at less than $50,000 and an early example of a personal computer, that is, a computer made for a single user. Output was displayed on the users home TV screen through use of an adapter. Intel and Zilog introduced new microprocessors. That goes back thousands of years, of course, and you can guess how they did it. While the PC Jr. sold poorly, the PC/AT sold in the millions. Which of the following is one strategy often used in online courses to ensure academic integrity? It had no operating system, but it did recognize commands entered via a row of switches. IBMs 7000 series of mainframe computers are the companys first to use transistors. False It used a MOS Technologies 6502 microprocessor running at 1 MHz. ENIAC used panel-to-panel wiring and switches for programming, occupied more than 1,000 square feet, used about 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighed 30 tons. Japan's SoftBank introduces the first camera phone, the J-Phone J-SH04; a Sharp-manufactured digital phone with integrated camera. Friedl used the SCAMP prototype to gain approval within IBM to promote and develop IBMs 5100 family of computers, including the most successful, the 5150, also known as the IBM Personal Computer (PC), introduced in 1981. The MOS 6502 was introduced at a conference in San Francisco at a cost of $25, far less than comparable processors from Intel and Motorola, leading some attendees to believe that the company was perpetrating a hoax. The DN100 is based on the Motorola 68000 microprocessor, high-resolution display and built-in networking - the three basic features of all workstations. Many companies have attempted to release electronic reading systems dating back to the early 1990s. . The Apple Newton Personal Digital Assistant. It used two different microprocessors: an IBM POWER XCell L8i and AMD Opteron. The machines were used by the Chinese Academy of Sciences to run massive solar energy simulations, as well as some of the most complex molecular studies ever undertaken. Before its decommissioning in 1952, the SSEC produced the moon position tables used in early planning of the 1969 Apollo XII moon landing. high interaction between students and the teacher. Answers: Convert data into an electronic machine-readable form for direct entry into a computer system. The 1973 Wang 2200 makes it a successful computer company, too. What software is useful to illustrate a numerical concept such as the difference between electoral votes and popular votes? [21] The first stored-program computers [ edit] Several computers could be considered the first stored-program computer, depending on the criteria. This printing programmable calculator was made from discrete transistors and an acoustic delay-line memory. The line was discontinued in 2014. IBM released a new operating system, OS/2, at the same time, allowing the use of a mouse with IBM PCs for the first time. The Z3, an early computer built by German engineer Konrad Zuse working in complete isolation from developments elsewhere, uses 2,300 relays, performs floating point binary arithmetic, and has a 22-bit word length. The PowerBook 100 was the entry-level machine, while the PowerBook 140 was more powerful and had a larger memory. In a widely circulated paper, mathematician John von Neumann outlines the architecture of a stored-program computer, including electronic storage of programming information and data -- which eliminates the need for more clumsy methods of programming such as plugboards, punched cards and paper. Which software tool would be helpful for preparing a newsletter? The Baby was built to test a new memory technology developed by Williams and Kilburn -- soon known as the Williams Tube which was the first high-speed electronic random access memory for computers. The 6502 and its progeny are still used today, usually in embedded applications. The inside of the Amiga case is engraved with the signatures of the Amiga designers, including Jay Miner as well as the paw print of his dog Mitchy. The Nest would remember what temperature users preferred by training itself to monitor daily use patterns for a few days then adopting that pattern as its new way of controlling home temperature. Developed for Busicom, a Japanese calculator maker, the 4004 had 2250 transistors and could perform up to 90,000 operations per second in four-bit chunks. Based on Charles Babbage's second design for a mechanical calculating engine, a team at the Science Museum in London sets out to prove that the design would have worked as planned. The LEO was Englands first commercial computer and was performing useful work before any other commercial computer system in the world. If a social studies teacher wanted to poll students anonymously about their opinions on a local issue, what tool might she use to gather their data? refers to symbols that represent fast objects and ideas. These tools take over the task of doing arithmetic functions so that students can focus on higher level mathematics concepts Spreadsheet This software is sometimes credited with starting the "microcomputer revolution" in schools, since it was the first software package available for home computers. This real-time information system began operating in the early 1960s. Started by a group of engineers that left Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Data General designs the Nova minicomputer. Gene Amdahl, father of the IBM System/360, starts his own company, Amdahl Corporation, to compete with IBM in mainframe computer systems. The PROMs contained a disk operating system, allowing. Apple introduces their first ultra notebook a light, thin laptop with high-capacity battery. An experiment conducted five months later on the MIT Whirlwind computer confirmed how useful and convenient a keyboard input device could be. _____ account allows changes that affect other users, changes to security settings, installation of software and hardware, and access to all files on the computer. The first of several personal computers released in 1977, the PET comes fully assembled with either 4 or 8 KB of memory, a built-in cassette tape drive, and a membrane keyboard. Onyx Systems began selling early microcomputer-based Unix workstations in 1980. A total of ten Colossi were delivered, each using as many as 2,500 vacuum tubes. Its Williams-Kilburn tube memory system was later adopted by several other early computer systems around the world. The Difference Engine #2 at the Science Museum, London. Palm Inc., founded by Ed Colligan, Donna Dubinsky, and Jeff Hawkins, originally created software for the Casio Zoomer personal data assistant. Working under Tom Kilburn at Englands Manchester University, Richard Grimsdale and Douglas Webb demonstrate a prototype transistorized computer, the "Manchester TC", on November 16, 1953. It was designed by MIT Lincoln Laboratory engineer Wesley Clark. Acorn spun off ARM as its own company to license microprocessor designs, which in turn has transformed mobile computing with ARMs low power, high-performance processors and systems-on-chip (SoC). The Relay Interpolator used 440 relays, and since it was programmable by paper tape, was used for other applications following the war. The first VAIO, a desktop computer, featured an additional 3D interface on top of the Windows 95 operating system as a way of attracting new users. Atari's 8-bit computers were influential in the arts, especially in the emerging DemoScene culture of the 1980s and '90s. Led by curator Doron Swade the team built Babbages machine in six years, using techniques that would have been available to Babbage at the time, proving that Babbages design was accurate and that it could have been built in his day. This free, public set of lectures inspired the EDSAC, BINAC, and, later, IAS machine clones like the AVIDAC. The basic computer cost $28,500. The word "computer" was first used in 1613 in the book The Yong Mans Gleanings by Richard Braithwaite and originally described a human who performed calculations or computations. A joint project of Englands Manchester University, Ferranti Computers, and Plessey, Atlas comes online nine years after Manchesters computer lab begins exploring transistor technology. Information systems whose purpose is to glean from raw data relationships and trends that might help organizations compete better are called business intelligence (BI) systems. Wilkes' ideas grew out of the Moore School lectures he had attended three years earlier. Each Cray-1 took a full year to assemble and test and cost about $10 million. There is an inconsistency between states in the classification of ELL students. After retiring their initial Visor series of PDAs, Handspring introduced the Treo line of smartphones, designed with built-in keyboards, cameras, and the Palm operating system. Under the direction of engineer Dr. Paul Friedl, the Special Computer APL Machine Portable (SCAMP) personal computer prototype is developed at IBM's Los Gatos and Palo Alto, California laboratories. The ad featured the destruction of Big Brother a veiled reference to IBM -- through the power of personal computing found in a Macintosh. The Earth Simulator was listed as the fastest supercomputer in the world from 2002 to 2004. Shortly after delivery of the Atari VCS game console, Atari designs two microcomputers with game capabilities: the Model 400 and Model 800. Microsoft Windows, also called Windows and Windows OS, computer operating system (OS) developed by Microsoft Corporation to run personal computers (PCs). Over 30 were completed, including one delivered to Australia. The ABC was at the center of a patent dispute related to the invention of the computer, which was resolved in 1973 when it was shown that ENIAC co-designer John Mauchly had seen the ABC shortly after it became functional. The Apple II, one of the first commercially successful microcomputers, was debuted at the inaugural show of which annual computer industry conference? HP Netserver LM, one of the first to use Intel's Pentium. It had 32 KB of memory and sold for $8,000. At the same press conference, IBM also announced 40 completely new peripherals for the new family. Chuck Peddle leads a small team of former Motorola employees to build a low-cost microprocessor. There are many stand-alone utility programs available as an alternative to the operating system'sutility programs. True False Designed to replace the 32-bit VAX architecture, the Alpha is a 64-bit reduced instruction set computer (RISC) microprocessor. Applications were also highly innovative: a WYSISYG word processor known as Bravo, a paint program, a graphics editor, and email for example. As Apples first new product under the leadership of a returning Steve Jobs, many consider this the most significant step in Apple's return from near-bankruptcy in the middle 1990s. The PROMs What made the Sacramento State computer both so unique--and so expensive--was the programmable read-only memory on its motherboard. Definition. MOS 6502 ad from IEEE Computer, Sept. 1975. Despite using 98,304 PowerPC chips, Sequoia's relatively low power usage made it unusually efficient. Which two kinds of software are designed primarily for use by individuals rather than by groups of students? The first Kindle featured wireless access to content via Amazon.com, along with an SD card slot allowing increased storage. Xerox wasnt interested. Until the year 2000, it was the world's fastest supercomputer, able to achieve peak performance of 1.3 teraflops, (about 1.3 trillion calculations per second). [2] Astronauts communicated with the computer by punching two-digit codes into the display and keyboard unit (DSKY). It was one of the first commercially available relational database management systems for microcomputers. Apple introduces the Macintosh with a television commercial during the 1984 Super Bowl, which plays on the theme of totalitarianism in George Orwells book 1984. This high performance processor found its place in powerful work stations intended for graphics-intensive programs common in engineering. After the success of the PET, Commodore remained a major player in the personal computer market into the 1990s. The first microcomputer was the Intel 4004, introduced in 1971. Back in the 80s and 90s, the home computing revolution led to a huge number of microcomputers hitting the market across the world. The PowerBook line of computers was discontinued in 2006. SWAC was used to solve problems in numerical analysis, including developing climate models and discovering five previously unknown Mersenne prime numbers. The notion of storing both data and instructions in memory became known as the stored program concept to distinguish it from earlier methods of instructing a computer. The laser printer was used with PARCs Alto computer, and was commercialized as the Xerox 9700. Created by Presper Eckert and John Mauchly -- designers of the earlier ENIAC computer -- the Univac 1 used 5,200 vacuum tubes and weighed 29,000 pounds. Remington Rand eventually sold 46 Univac 1s at more than $1 million each. Its chiclet keyboard was also criticized for poor ergonomics. At 4 million operations per second and 4 kilobytes of memory, the 80386 gave PCs as much speed and power as older mainframes and minicomputers. The 2116A also marked HP's first use of integrated circuits in a commercial product. A consortium of aerospace, energy, and marine science agencies undertook the project, and the system was built by NEC around their SX-6 architecture. Palm could be connected to a PC or Mac using a serial port to synchronize sync both computer and Palm. Instead of simply copying the basic input output system (BIOS) of the Apple II as Franklin Computer had done, they reversed engineered the system and sold it for US $479, a much lower price than the comparable Apple II. Cuthbert Hurd (standing) and Thomas Watson, Sr. at IBM 701 console. What have recent studies of online school performance compared with traditional school performance shown? Initially designed for internal use by HP employees, co-founder Bill Hewlett issues a challenge to his engineers in 1971: fit all of the features of their desktop scientific calculator into a package small enough for his shirt pocket. Initially, Franklin won a court victory allowing them to continue cloning the machines, but in 1988, Apple won a copyright lawsuit against Franklin, forcing them to stop making Apple II clones.. The Paragon at Caltech was named the fastest supercomputer in the world in 1992. What can be accomplished by using the Quality Matters standards and the Rubric for Assessing Interactive Quality? Throughout the 1960s and 70s, the ASR-33 was a popular and inexpensive choice of input and output device for minicomputers and many of the first generation of microcomputers. Because of its speed, small size, and reasonable cost, the PDP-8 was sold by the thousands to manufacturing plants, small businesses, and scientific laboratories around the world. All these previous chips set the stage for the first PC processors. Marketed as a fast, extremely accurate electronic slide rule with a solid-state memory similar to that of a computer, the HP-35 distinguished itself from its competitors by its ability to perform a broad variety of logarithmic and trigonometric functions, to store more intermediate solutions for later use, and to accept and display entries in a form similar to standard scientific notation. Designer Thi Truong developed the computer while Philippe Kahn wrote the software. At its introduction, it was listed as the second fastest supercomputer in the world and this single system increased NASA's supercomputing capacity 10-fold. Officially known as the Track Write, the automatically expanding full-sized keyboard used by the ThinkPad 701 is designed by inventor John Karidis. The legal result was a landmark: Atanasoff was declared the originator of several basic computer ideas, but the computer as a concept was declared un-patentable and thus freely open to all. The Roadrunner is the first computer to reach a sustained performance of 1 petaflop (one thousand trillion floating point operations per second). mainframe computer. Wang was a successful calculator manufacturer, then a successful word processor company. The Altair 8800, produced by Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) and invented by Ed Roberts, was originally sold as a kit. server. Reduced instruction set computers (RISC) grow out of the observation that the simplest 20 percent of a computers instruction set does 80 percent of the work.
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