[194], In March 1823, Canning declared that "when a whole nation revolts against its conqueror, the nation cannot be considered as piratical but as a nation in a state of war". The Orthodox Patriarch Gregory V was executed on 22 April 1821 on the orders of the Sultan despite his opposition to the revolt, which caused outrage throughout Europe and resulted in increased support for the Greek rebels. He apologized for being unable to support the Revolution in Greece financially, though he hoped he might be able to in the future. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/War-of-Greek-Independence, The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia - Greek War for Independence, Princeton University Library - Inside the Hellenic Collections: The Greek War of Independence. The frigate responded with musket fire in retaliation and an Egyptian ship fired a cannon shot at the French flagship, the Sirene, which returned fire. There are several important facts about the Greek War of Independence. [56], These measures led to the increase of British influence. The London Philhellenic Committee helped insurgent Greece to float two loans in 1824 (800,000) and 1825 (2,000,000). Explore our collection of motivational and famous quotes by authors you know and love. [3] In 1826, the Greeks became assisted by the British Empire, Kingdom of France, and the Russian Empire, while the Ottomans were aided by their North African vassals, particularly the eyalet of Egypt. We, seemingly worthy of ancestral virtue and of the present century, are hopeful that we will achieve their defense and help. The crucial meeting was held at Vostitsa (modern Aigion), where chieftains and prelates from all over the Peloponnese assembled on 26 January. [83] In the city of Smyrna (modern zmir, Turkey), which until 1922 was a mostly Greek city, Ottoman soldiers drawn from the interior of Anatolia on their way to fight in either Greece or Moldavia/Wallachia, staged a pogrom in June 1821 against the Greeks, leading Gordon to write: "3,000 ruffians assailed the Greek quarter, plundered the houses and slaughtered the people; Smyrna resembled a place taken by assault, neither age or sex being respected". That's why we are waiting for you and your army. [166] With the Greeks in disarray, Ibrahim ravaged the Western Peloponnese and killed Papaflessas at the Battle of Maniaki. From 9 to 14 July, the Ottomans killed all prisoners on the list of the pasha, and in the next 30 days, looting and massacres spread throughout Cyprus as 4,000 Turkish soldiers from Syria arrived on the island. [156] Although the Greek government had squandered the money from the first loan, the second loan was oversubscribed and raised some 1.1million (~$404 million in 2021). Plagued by internal strife and financial difficulties in keeping the fleet in constant readiness, the Greeks failed to prevent the capture and destruction of Kasos and Psara in 1824, or the landing of the Egyptian army at Methoni. 6466. Sfyroeras, Schoolbook for Triti Gymnasiou, 6th edition, Athens 1996, pp. Ibrahim, Pasha, the Egyptian general who brought the Greeks to the brink of defeat at the Siege of Mesolongion (Missolonghi) also deserves mention, as does the Greek admiral Andreas Miaoules, whose naval operations did much to turn the tide again in Greeces favor. [152], In March 1824, the forces of the new executive besieged Nafplion and Tripolitsa. Unite, then, O brave and magnanimous Greeks! These loans, which, in effect, made the City of London the financier of the revolution,[56] inspired the creation of the "British" political party in Greece, whose opinion was that the revolution could only end in success with the help of Britain. The Greek fleet was primarily outfitted by prosperous Aegean islanders, principally from the islands of Hydra and Spetses, as well as from Psara. JNS.org - Joe Woolf, a South African Jewish volunteer in the foreign-fighters unit Machal who conducted research that helped preserve that group's legacy for 75 years after Israel's War of Independence, died on Feb. 28 at his home in the northern Israeli moshav of Ilaniya. The plan originally involved uprisings in three places, the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities and Constantinople.[49]. Tzakis, Dionysis "The Military Events (18221824)". [188] The first task of Greece's new leader was to create a state and a civil society, which the workaholic Kapodistrias toiled at mightily, working from 5 am until 10 pm every night. Church expected the irregulars of Greece to execute his strategy like regiments of guards". Our laws, our literature, our religion [sic], our art have their roots in Greece. Whether we prefer to call it a war, a revolution or an insurrection, or whether we consider its political context more regional than national, or its causes more economic than religious, the conflict remains a challenging and often bewildering object of historical study. When a British frigate sent a boat to request the Egyptians to move their fire ships, the officer on board was shot by the Egyptians. With the support of Egyptian sea power, the Ottoman forces successfully invaded the Peloponnese; they furthermore captured Missolonghi in April 1826, the town of Athens (Athna) in August 1826, and the Athenian acropolis in June 1827. [107] He then gathered 3,000 men in Gergeri to face Hussein, but the Cretans were defeated by the much larger and better-organised force, and lost 300 men at the battle of Amourgelles on 20 August 1823. Arrested by Austrian officials in Trieste in 1797, he was handed over to Ottoman officials and transported to Belgrade along with his co-conspirators. [11] Demetrius Chalcondyles called on Venice and "all of the Latins" to aid the Greeks against "the abominable, monstrous, and impious barbarian Turks". His attitude towards Mavrokordatos caused outrage amongst the members of the legislative body. [208] The French troops definitely left Greece after five years, in 1833. [162], Ibrahim Pasha landed at Methoni on 24 February 1825, and a month later he was joined by his army of 10,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry. Rigas Feraios (17571798) was a very prominent poet and intellectual of the Greek independence movement. "All art is propaganda," wrote George Orwell. [158] The Board of Control used the money to hire the naval hero, Lord Cochrane, to command the Greek Navy and to buy steamships. And musing there an hour alone, The Maniot victory dealt the death blow to Ibrahim's hope of occupying Mani. pp. [175] The news that the Third Siege of Missolonghi had ended in an Ottoman victory sparked horror all over Greece; at the National Assembly, Kolokotronis was giving a speech when the news of Missolonghi's fall reached him, leaving him to remember: "the news came to us that Missolonghi was lost. In subsequent years, the successes of the Greek fire ships would increase their reputation, with acts such as the destruction of the Ottoman flagship by Konstantinos Kanaris at Chios, after the massacre of the island's population in June 1822, acquiring international fame. Be the first to contribute! [153], On 19 July 1824, the largest fleet seen in the Mediterranean since Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798 set sail from Alexandria, consisting of 54 warships and 400 transports carrying 14,000 French-trained infantry, 2,000 cavalry and 500 artillerymen, with some 150 cannons. The protocol outlined the way in which the Regency was to be managed until Otto reached his majority, while also concluding the second Greek loan for a sum of 2.4million. Praised be your most virtuous name, omnipotent and most merciful Lord." Makriyannis' Memoirs on the arrival of King Otto. [84], The news of the revolution was greeted with dismay by the conservative leaders of Europe, committed to upholding the system established at the Congress of Vienna, but was greeted with enthusiasm by many ordinary people across Europe. Long under the rule of the Ottoman Empire (since 1453), Greece finally resisted Ottoman rule on a wide scale in 1821. [80], The news that the Greeks had revolted sparked murderous fury all over the Ottoman Empire. [12] However, Greece was to remain under Ottoman rule for several more centuries. Nevertheless, Alexander's position was ambivalent, since he regarded himself as the protector of the Orthodox Church, and his subjects were deeply moved by the hanging of the Patriarch. "There are always those who wish to sanitize war by portraying its grand and noble deeds-which sometimes occur-while drawing a veil over its shameless side. [104] On 28 May 1822, an Egyptian fleet of 30 warships and 84 transports arrived at Souda Bay led by Hasan Pasha, Muhammad Ali's son-in-law; he was tasked with ending the rebellion and did not waste any time in the burning of villages throughout Crete. Codrington responded by saying that if Ibrahim's fleets attempted to go anywhere but home, he would have to destroy them. Classicists and romantics of that period envisioned the casting out of the Turks as the prelude to the revival of the Golden Age. 7 June]. GeorgiadisArnakis argues that the Church of Constantinople conducted "a magnificent work of national conservation", and contributed to the national liberation of all the subject nationalities of the Balkan peninsula. The Greek War of Independence was fought between 1821 and 1832. Even though the Greeks were ultimately victorious, it was not without its consequences. Many helped to finance the revolution. After 8 years of fighting against the Turkish oppressors; the Greeks in 1832 finally gain. [92] The classicist Edward Everett, a professor of Greek at Harvard, was active in championing the Greek cause in the United States and in November 1821 published an appeal from Adhamantios Korais reading "To the Citizens of the United States, it is your land that Liberty has fixed her abode, so you will not assuredly imitate the culpable indifference or rather the long ingratitude of the Europeans", going on to call for American intervention, in several American newspapers. Though sometimes referred to as the first armed conflict that established the independence of a modern nation state, the struggle was fraught with so many conflicting political interests and . In the letter sent to Greek expatriates living in France, Adamantios Korais, Christodoulos Klonaris, Konstantinos Polychroniades and A. Bogorides, who had assembled themselves into a Committee which was seeking international support for the ongoing Greek revolution, Boyer expressed his support for the Greek Revolution and compared the struggle underfoot across the Atlantic to the struggle for independence in his own land. [38], Revolutionary nationalism grew across Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries (including in the Balkans), due to the influence of the French Revolution. [165] Ibrahim proceeded to defeat the Greek garrison on the small island of Sphacteria off the coast of Messenia. Phanariotes, who had until then held high office within the Ottoman Empire, were thenceforth regarded as suspect, and lost their special, privileged status. Greek War of Independence [ edit] "The camp of Georgios Karaiskakis at Kastella " by Theodoros Vryzakis (1855). The early successes of the Greek fleet in direct confrontations with the Ottomans at Patras and Spetses gave the crews confidence and contributed greatly to the survival and success of the uprising in the Peloponnese. These parties would later strive for power during king Otto's reign. The battle-scarred hero of the Greek Revolution, Giannos "Astrapogiannos", returns home after the end of the blood-soaked War of Independence, only to find himself in a new conflict, as he locks horns with a ruthless local Kodjabashis. His daughter, Galya Woolf, confirmed the . 19 June].[64]. greek war of independence quotesaiken county sc register of deeds greek war of independence quotes As co-guarantors of the monarchy, the Great Powers also agreed to guarantee a loan of 60millionfrancs to the new king, empowering their ambassadors in the Ottoman capital to secure the end of the war. [84] When a local mullah was asked to give a fatwa justifying the murder of Christians by Muslims and refused, he too was promptly killed.
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