When he arrives in Worms, he is identified by Hagen, a henchman of Kriemhilds brother King Gunther. Siegfried, with his immense strength, invisibly leads Gunther through the trials. [19] The attention paid to Bishop Pilgrim, who represents the real historical figure Bishop Pilgrim of Passau, would thus be an indirect homage to Wolfger. [82][83] Also notable from this period is the three-part dramatic tragedy Die Nibelungen by Friedrich Hebbel. [31] Medieval German literature scholar Victor Millet uses the poem's sixth stanza as an example of this metrical form. The dwarf who was the Lord Treasurer of the Nibelung dynasty. She later invites her brother and his court to visit Etzel's kingdom intending to kill Hagen. This concentration on Kriemhild and on the enmity between her and Hagen would seem to suggest that it was the poets intention to stress the theme of Kriemhilds vengeance. [23] In the First World War, the alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary came to be described as possessing Nibelungen-Treue (Nibelungen loyalty), referring to the loyalty to death between Hagen and the Burgundians. [11] Attempts to show that the poem alludes to various historical events have generally not been convincing. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. As a consequence of the comparison of the Nibelungenlied to the Iliad, the Nibelungenlied came to be seen as the German national epic in the earlier nineteenth century, particularly in the context of the Napoleonic Wars. The Nibelungenlied was written at a time in medieval German literature when the current emphasis was on the courtly virtues of moderation and refinement of taste and behaviour. Alberich. Etzel Quotes in The Nibelungenlied The The Nibelungenlied quotes below are all either spoken by Etzel or refer to Etzel. Teachers and parents! The epic's poet is unknownthough some clues within the text suggest that he was from Passau, Germany. This page includes links to transcriptions of three manuscripts from the 1200s plus the text edition by Karl Bartsch. [78] The epic nevertheless had its supporters, such as August Wilhelm Schlegel, who called it a "great tragedy" ("groe Tragdie") in a series of lectures from 1802/3. Most interestingly, the author of this epic poem is unknown to this day, though it's generally agreed that its first reference was made by a German knight and poet named Wolfram von . Hagen is a vassal of the Burgundian kings Gunther, Gernot, and Giselher. The brief references to the heroic deeds of Siegfried allude to several ancient stories, many of which are preserved in the Scandinavian Poetic Edda (see Edda), Vlsunga saga, and Thidriks saga, in which Siegfried is called Sigurd. Dubbed the "German Iliad", the Nibelungenlied began a new life as the German national epic. n. A Middle High German epic poem written in the early 1200s and based on the legends of Siegfried and of the Burgundian kings. These facts, combined with the dating, have led scholars to believe that Wolfger von Erla, Bishop of Passau (reigned 11911204) was the patron of the poem. [62] The poem is quoted by Wolfram von Eschenbach in his Parzival and Willehalm and likely inspired his use of stanzas in his unfinished Titurel. In spite of Hagen's threatening stories about his youth, the Burgundians welcome him, but do not allow him to meet the princess. He has a threefold magic cloak that when he wears it, grants him invisibility and the strength of twelve additional men. Siegfried is gifted with enormous strength. [84] During the Second World War, Hermann Gring would explicitly use this aspect of the Nibelungenlied to celebrate the sacrifice of the German army at Stalingrad and compare the Soviets to Etzel's Asiatic Huns. The queen of Iceland and as strong as she is beautiful and, oh man, is she a hottie! II. Brnhild has Sigurd killed, not by Hgni (Hagen), who refuses to do so on the grounds of friendship, but by Guthorm, Gunnar's brother. Dietrich. Under the pretext of this threat of war, Hagen persuades Kriemhild, who still trusts Hagen, to mark Siegfried's single vulnerable point on his clothing with a cross under the premise of protecting him. Peter von Cornelius 's image: Hagen orders the hoard to be sunk in the Rhine. LitCharts Teacher Editions. Having been earlier deceived about the relationship between Siegfried and Gunther, Brnhild thinks it is obvious that she should go first, in right of her (self-perceived) superior rank. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nibelungenlied, University of Pittsburgh - The Nibelungenlied, Ancient Origins - Song of the Nibelungs: The Epic Germanic Tale of Love, Death, and Revenge, Song of the Nibelungs - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The poem is split into two parts. Gunther becomes afraid that Brnhild may yet be planning to kill them, so Siegfried goes to Nibelungenland and single-handedly conquers the kingdom. Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type bool in /home1/expertadmin/mosandah.com.sa/wp-content/themes/betheme/functions/theme-functions.php on line 1489 . [60] The poet still uses images from this traditional picture, but given the new motivation of the poem's Kriemhild, their meaning has changed. A vassal of, Dietrich is the Lord of the Goths who lives in exile in, A renowned warrior and king of Burgundy, Gernot is the brother of, A renowned warrior and king of Burgundy, Giselher is the brother of, Uote is the great Queen of Burgundy, wife of, Volker of Alzei is a noble lord known as the minstrel because he plays the viol. Its themes include chivalry, warfare, diplomacy, and storytelling. 1. Nibelungenlied, (German: "Song of the Nibelungs") Middle High German epic poem written about 1200 by an unknown Austrian from the Danube region. "Nibelungenlied" belongs to this kind of poem. Minstrels and courtly verse. "Nibelungenlied Characters". [79] Many early supporters sought to distance German literature from French Classicism and belonged to artistic movements such as Sturm und Drang.[80]. Das Nibelungenlied ist eine Geschichte der Extreme aus einer Welt, in der Ehre alles gilt. Siegfried slips into the room according to plan and after a difficult and violent struggle, an invisible Siegfried defeats Brnhild. After many years, she persuades Etzel to invite her brothers and Hagen to his court. Many variations and adaptations appeared in later centuries. Siegfrid, heir to the throne of the Netherland, has gained possession of the Nibelung hoard which is guarded by Alberich. Since he never explained the full circumstances of his discovery, to this day very little is known about the provenance of the manuscript. The horde has been cursed. It contains pagan mythology and customs, but it is clearly the work of a Christian, courtly culture. comelec district 5 quezon city. A dwarf who becomes the former owner of the cloak of invisibility after a run-in with Siegfrid. [68], As the first Middle High German heroic poem to be written, the Nibelungenlied can be said to have founded an entire genre of Middle High German literature. Earlier (and many later) attestations of Kriemhild outside of the Nibelungenlied portray her as obsessed with power and highlight her treachery to her brothers rather than her love for her husband as her motivation for betraying them. Though Hagen is wary, they all go to Etzels court, where general combat and complete carnage ensues. Bodmer dubbed the Nibelungenlied the "German Iliad" ("deutsche Ilias"), a comparison that skewed the reception of the poem by comparing it to the poetics of a classical epic. In Chapter 5, Siegfried finally meets Kriemhild. Kudrun herself is sometimes seen as a direct reversal of Kriemhild, as she makes peace among warring factions rather than driving them to their deaths. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. [70] Many of the following heroic epics appear to respond to aspects of the Nibelungenlied: the Kudrun (c. 1250), for instance, has been described as a reply to the Nibelungenlied that reverses the heroic tragedy of the previous poem. thissection. Teachers and parents! She demands that, Hagen is a vassal of the Burgundian kings. Nibelungenlied essays are academic essays for citation. It is unclear which figure is in the right and which in the wrong. Despite this, Hagen von Tronje decides to kill Siegfried to protect the honor and reign of his king. Seu lugar para proteger o seu capital. [46], The death of the Burgundians finds its origins in the destruction of the historical Burgundian kingdom on the Rhine. Nibelungenlied synonyms, Nibelungenlied pronunciation, Nibelungenlied translation, English dictionary definition of Nibelungenlied. blank encompasses the processes associated with perception Back to Home. [61], With 36 manuscripts, the Nibelungenlied appears to have been one of the most popular works of the German Middle Ages and seems to have found a very broad audience. He is also calculating and acquisitive, always looking for ways to accumulate power and wealth, whatever the cost. At the same time, the poem continues to play a role in regional culture and history, particularly in Worms and other places mentioned in the Nibelungenlied. Such a catch is Brunhild that Gunther not only travels all the way to Iceland to win her over, but performs an increasingly difficult series of acts to reveal his own strength. German medievalist Jan-Dirk Mller claims that the poem in its written form is entirely new, although he admits the possibility that an orally transmitted epic with relatively consistent contents could have preceded it. When Brunhild is defeated, she accepts Gunther as her husband. the Huns, leading the rest of the Huns to take up their swords against him. A new verse translation of the great German epic poem that inspired Wagner's Ring Cycle and J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings No poem in German li. [27] There is some debate as to whether the poet was acquainted with Old French chanson de geste. who is the bias in nibelungenlied. Hunold is a vassal of the Burgundian kings and serves as Chamberlain of the Burgundian court. He is known as a particularly fearsome warrior. German medievalist Jan-Dirk Mller notes that while it would be typical of a medieval poet to incorporate lines from other works in their own, no stanza of the Nibelungenlied can be proven to have come from an older poem. The argument between the queens is both a risk for the marriage of Gunther and Brnhild and a potential cause for a lethal rivalry between Gunther and Siegfried, which both Gunther and Siegfried attempt to avoid. Create your account. [55], When composing the Nibelungenlied, its poet was faced with setting an oral tradition down into a definitive version although that tradition was by its very nature amorphous. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Brunhild is Queen of Iceland, a maiden renowned not only for her great beauty, but also for strength and athletic ability surpassing that of any man who has tried to win her. She challenges Gunther to three athletic contests, throwing a javelin, tossing a boulder, and a leap. The Nibelungenlied, translated as The Song of the Nibelungs, is an epic poem in Middle High German. [41] Various historical personages, moreover, appear to be contemporaries in the poem despite not having lived at the same time historically. -Graham S. Etzel is the widowed King of Hungary (his character is based on Attila the Hun). Upon his return, he meets Kriemhild for the first time, and their affections develop during his residence at court. She is famously beautiful and charming, desired by many knights, though it transpires that she is also calculating read analysis of Kriemhild Gunther The destruction of Attila's kingdom itself is likely inspired by Attila's sudden death following his wedding in 453, which was popularly blamed on his wife, a Germanic woman named Hildico. [18], The current theory of the creation of the poem emphasizes the poet's concentration on the region of Passau: for example, the poem highlights the relatively unimportant figure of Bishop Pilgrim of Passau, and the poet's geographical knowledge appears much more firm in this region than elsewhere. Siegfried overpowers him using his cloak of invisibility (Tarnkappe), after which the dwarf serves the hero. Of course, these displays of majestic power are helped to no small end by having his buddy Siegfrid helping out courtesy of a cloak of invisibility. Outside the palace, Hagen taunts, through the water-spouts into the gutters. In the first part, the prince Siegfried comes to Worms to acquire the hand of the Burgundian princess Kriemhild from her brother King Gunther. After hearing, Giselher and Uote appeal to Kriemhild in private, trying to convince her that marriage to, despite having been robbed of her fortune by Hagen. The story has a long history and, as a result, contains a number of disparate elements. She demands that her suitors defeat her in three contestsjavelin-throwing, weight-throwing, and leapingin order to gain her hand. Elements in Nibelungenlied such as hunting and doing other things for entertainment. [32] It is likely that the Nibelungenlied cites an oral story-telling tradition in using singable stanzas; however, the longer final line is generally thought to belong to a more refined artistic milieu, as later heroic epics typically use a stanza without this longer final line (the so-called "Hildebrandston"). There is usually malicious intent involved in conscious biases. revenge?) But whichever rite a man followed, the Kings magnanimity saw to it that all were amply rewarded. Following the founding of the German Empire, recipients began to focus more on the heroic aspects of the poem, with the figure of Siegfried in particular becoming an identifying figure for German nationalism. Some years later, after Kriemhild begins to use the hoard of treasure to attract warriors to her personal retinue, Hagen steals the treasure from her. [21] German philologist Elisabeth Lienert, on the other hand, posits an earlier version of the text from around 1150 due to the Nibelungenlied's use of a stanzaic form current around that time (see Form and style). It is based on Germanic heroic motifs, which include oral traditions and reports based on historic events and individuals of the 5th and 6th centuries. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Kriemhild, unaware of the deception involved in Brnhild's wooing, insists that they are of equal rank, and the dispute escalates. Disappointed, he nonetheless remains in Worms and helps Gunther defeat the invading Saxons. An early Middle High German title of the work is Der Nibelunge Not (The Nibelung Distress), from the last line of the poem. Here are many of the main characters: Dietrich: He is the hero of upper Germany, fiance to Herrat Herrat: daughter of Nantwin. Although no melody has survived for the text, melodies for similar stanzas in other German heroic poems have, so that it is certain that the text was meant to be sung. We are thankful for their contributions and encourage you to make yourown. [76] Bodmer's placement of the Nibelungenlied in the tradition of classical epic had a detrimental effect on its early reception: when presented with a full edition of the medieval poem by Christoph Heinrich Myller, King Frederick II famously called the Nibelungenlied "not worth a shot of powder" ("nicht einen Schu Pulver werth"). For example, the word Nibelung itself presents difficulties. The Nibelungenlied, with its displays of violent emotion and its uncompromising emphasis on vengeance and honour, by contrast looks back to an earlier period and bears the mark of a different originthe heroic literature of the Teutonic peoples at the time of their great migrations. Gunther decides to woo Brunhild with the aid of Siegfried, to whom he promises the hand of Kriemhild if successful. Meanwhile, Gunther gathers his. [34] Stanzas often seem to have been placed after each other without necessarily being causally or narratively connected; for instance, two consecutive stanzas might portray two different reactions to an event by the same figure. News reaches the court that a queen of outstanding strength and beauty may be won only by a man capable of matching her athletic prowess. As if that werent enough, Hagen is also held hostage at Etzels court, is responsible for the death of Siegfried and becomes target of a revenge plot by Kriemhild. King Etzel saw this, and great was the grief it gave him. Princess of Burgundy and loved by Siegfrid. The betrayal and murder of Siegfried was explicitly compared to the "stab in the back" that the German army had supposedly received. Instant PDF downloads. [73] It was not printed and appears to have been forgotten. The final word before the caesura is typically female (a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable), whereas the final word of a line is typical male (a stressed syllable). who is the bias in nibelungenlied . In the third chapter, Siegfried arrives in Worms with the hopes of wooing Kriemhild. When they see Rdigers body carried out, men had entered the hall fully armed. [58] More elaborate stories about Siegfried's youth are found in the Thidrekssaga and in the later heroic ballad Das Lied vom Hrnen Seyfrid, both of which appear to preserve German oral traditions about the hero that the Nibelungenlied-poet decided to suppress for their poem. . Gunther attempts to sleep with her, and, with her great strength, she easily ties him up and leaves him that way all night. Dubbed the "German Iliad ", the Nibelungenlied began a new life as the German national epic. The superscription on one of the manuscripts from the early 14th century is The Book of Kriemhild.. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. Brnhild feels greatly distressed and humiliated, and bursts into tears. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. [85], Postwar reception and adaptation of the poem, reacting to its misuse by the Nazis, is often parodic. posisyong papel tungkol sa covid 19 vaccine; hodgman waders website. Hagen does not want to go, suspecting that it is a trick by Kriemhild in order to take revenge and kill them all, but he is taunted until he does. Answer and Explanation: Become a Study.com member to unlock this answer! Furious, Kriemhild herself cuts off Hagen's head. Hagen blames all these acts on Kriemhild's own behavior. The Nibelungenlied is set at a time when feudal obligations represented the socio-political foundation of society. The most significant modern adaptation is Richard Wagners famous opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen (185374). The Nibelungenlied Characters Kriemhild Kriemhild Kriemhild is a princess of the kingdom of Burgundy, whose family rules from Worms beside the Rhine. [13][14] The latter work identifies a "meister Konrad" as the author of an original Latin version of the Nibelungenlied, but this is generally taken for a fiction. View this answer. The division of the epic into ventiuren (lit. The manuscripts' sources deviate considerably from one another. Siegfried and Gunther no longer change forms, but Siegfried dons the "Tarnkappe", which renders him invisible, so that while Gunther makes the motions, Siegfried really does the work, a thing . Siegfried quietly returns to the boat on which his group had sailed and retrieves his special cloak, which renders him invisible and gives him the strength of 12 men (Chapters 68). He may have his origins in the Merovingian dynasty, where names beginning with the element Sigi- were common and where there was also a famous and violent queen Brunhilda (543613). June 16, 2022. The Nibelungenlied (Middle High German: Der Nibelunge liet or Der Nibelunge nt), translated as The Song of the Nibelungs, is an epic poem written around 1200 in Middle High German. If he attaches greater weight to the events in Worms and lets this influence his understanding of the later 3 Since anyone working with the Nibelungenlied has to come to terms with the figure of Hagen, critical comments and opinions abound. [5] Eleven of these manuscripts are essentially complete. It is the second part of the poem that suggests the title The Book of Kriemhild. The destruction of the Burgundians (Nibelungen) is her deliberate purpose. I found a definition that says, "any of the race of dwarfs who possessed a treasure hoard stolen by Siegfried.". [88], Historical origins and development of the saga, "Gesamtverzeichnis Autoren/Werke: 'Nibelungenlied', "Song of the Nibelungs, a heroic poem from mediaeval Europe", On-going audio recording in Middle High German, The Nibelungenlied, translated by Alice Horton, The Nibelungenlied: Translated into Rhymed English Verse in the Metre of the Original, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nibelungenlied&oldid=1136925265. It is named after the Wiesbaden librarian Helfrich Bernhard Hundeshagen, who is said to have discovered the manuscript in 1816 in an antiquarian bookshop in Mainz. Advertisement Advertisement New questions in English. believes them. Nibelungenlied and Klage (an appendix to the main text) . It may have been inspired by the prologue of the Nibelungenklage.[7]. 0 Comments Siegfried and Kriemhild are then married as promised, but Brunhild remains suspicious and dissatisfied. [44][45] Some elements of the Norse tradition, however, are assuredly older. The epic, and presumably the oral traditions that provided its material, have transformed historical events into relatively simple narrative schemas that can be compared with other, similar (originally) oral narratives from other cultures. [42], The Nibelungen saga also seems to have had an early reception in Scandinavia,[43] so that parallel stories are found among the heroic lays of the Poetic Edda (written down in 1270 but containing at least some much older material) and in the Vlsunga saga (written down in the second half of the thirteenth century). Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. Kriemhild has the men brought before her and orders her brother Gunther to be killed. Her revenge results in the death of all the Burgundians who came to Etzel's court as well as the destruction of Etzel's kingdom and the death of Kriemhild herself. The following survey of scholarly opinion can only be a sample. 1180-1240), which was otherwise dominated by courtly-style epics (Arthurian and others) and . briarwood football roster. The Nibelungenlied; The Five Bells and Bladebone; Cleopatra's Palace: In Search of a Legend; The Untold Story: My 20 Years Running the National Inquirer; Enquanto a Inglaterra dorme; Betrayed, Betrothed and Bedded; Happy Ever After: Escaping . The poems basic subject matter also goes back to that period, for it is probable that the story of the destruction of the Burgundians was originally inspired by the overthrow of the Burgundian kingdom at Worms by the Huns in 437 ce, and the story of Brunhild and Siegfried may have been inspired by events in the history of the Merovingian dynasty of the Franks about 600 ce. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. It is often learned and is highly dependent on variables like a person's socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity . Not only does Hagen humiliate her by openly carrying Balmung, Siegfried's sword stolen from his corpse, but also admits to killing Siegfried and stealing the Nibelungen treasure. The earliest attested reception of the Nibelungenlied, the Nibelungenklage, which was likely written only shortly afterwards, shows an attempt both to make sense of the horror of the destruction and to absolve Kriemhild of blame. She had laid a deadly plot against their guests. Gunther agrees to let Siegfried marry Kriemhild if Siegfried helps Gunther acquire the warrior-queen Brnhild as his wife. Advertisement Still have questions? It is preserved in three main 13th-century manuscripts, A (now in Munich), B (St. Gall), and C (Donaueschingen); modern scholarship regards B as the most trustworthy. The Nibelungs of the poem's title were originally evil dwarfs who had a magical but cursed treasure of gold. [49] Jan-Dirk Mller doubts that we can be certain which version is more original given that in both cases Kriemhild brings about the destruction of the Hunnish kingdom. Siegfried does this and marries Kriemhild; however, Brnhild and Kriemhild become rivals, leading eventually to Siegfried's murder by the Burgundian vassal Hagen with Gunther's involvement. One of the stranger aspects of this bizarre trio is that Siegfrid and the invisible cloak are also deemed necessary by Gunther to overpower Brunhild sexually. [40] What had originally been political motivations have been "personalized", so that political events are explained through personal preferences, likes, dislikes, and feuds rather than purely by realpolitik. Updates? Based on old Norse* legends, it tells the story o Beowulf, Nationality/Culture Pronunciation Alternate Names Appears In The epic Beowulf Myth Overview Beowulf (pronounced BAY-uh-woolf) is the earliest existin Sigurd, Sigurd Nationality/Culture Pronunciation Sl-gurd Alternate . Kriemhilds old grief was embedded deep in her heart. He hews Kriemhild to pieces with his sword. Nibelungen, Nibelungenlied The Nibelungenlied (Song of the Nibelungs) is a German epic poem of the Middle Ages. [37] This style of narration also causes the events within the poem to come to a frequent halt, which can last for years within the time portrayed in the poem. Michael Manning (Illustrator), Erwin Tschofen (Author), sum legio publishing, 2010. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. [66] The presence of the Nibelungenklage in all manuscripts of the Nibelungenlied shows that the ending of the Nibelungenlied itself was evidently unsatisfying to its primary audience without some attempt to explain these two "scandalous" elements. [26] Additionally, the poet seems to have known Latin literature. Complete your free account to request a guide. Nevertheless, he is shocked and grieved to see Kriemhild slay Hagen. Etzels dominion was so widely known that the most fearless warriors that were ever heard of among Christians and heathen alike were always to be found at his court, all having joined him. He later rewrote the second part in dactylic hexameter under the title Die Rache der Schwester (1767). Chapter 10 Quotes Siegfried left the maiden lying there and stepped aside as through to remove his clothes and, without the noble Queen's noticing it, he drew a golden ring from her finger and then took her girdle, a splendid orphrey. The complete text of The Nibelungenlied. Lord of the Netherlands, Norway, and Niebelungland who married Kriemhild, princess of Burgundy. He mounts his steed to ride Kriemhild, Princess of Burgundy, with the intent to woo. Feudalism prevailed in Europe from about the ninth to the thirteenth centuries.. These elements can be used flexibly for different purposes in the poem. Much discussion has centered on whether and how the epic ought to be taught in schools. Narmada Kidney Foundation > Uncategorized > who is the bias in nibelungenlied. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Home. Nineteenth-century philologist Karl Lachmann developed this categorisation of the manuscript sources in "Der Nibelunge Noth und die Klage nach der ltesten berlieferung mit Bezeichnung des Unechten und mit den Abweichungen der gemeinen Lesart" (Berlin: G. Reimer, 1826). Omissions? The two are lovers. [86] The material of the Nibelungen saga has continued to inspire new adaptations. Pickering: Notes on Fate and Fortune (for Germanisten) G.T. Her brother Gunther has been warned by the Burgundian retainer . Old Hildebrand, the mentor of Dietrich of Bern, is infuriated by the shameful deaths of the Burgundian guests. Many years later, King Etzel of the Huns proposes to Kriemhild, she journeys to the land of the Huns, and they are married. arguing that such a request does [her] little honor. She next appeals to Lord Bloedelin, in her heart. Since the fighting could be instigated in no other way, she has, off Bloedelins head. The Question and Answer section for Nibelungenlied is a great 7 Given this pattern of British acquaintance with the Nibelungenlied, it is a little surprising that the first children's book relating to the theme was published in the same year as Birch's translation.This was The Heroic Life and Exploits of Siegfried the Dragon Slayer: an Old German Story (London: Joseph Cundall and David Bogue, 1848).No author's name is given, but the book had eight .
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